Essay on The Formation of the United Nations - 953 Words

The Formation of the United Nations Before the United Nations organization was formed we lived in a world of uncertainty where any misunderstanding could lead to a massive world war. Since the United Nations was formed, many issues have been resolved and a number of new groups have been created to make the world more peaceful. The United Nations intentions are aimed for the future race of people. Their hope is that one day we can all set aside our differences and live together as one. Human kind has fought many wars over a variety of issues; however, the advent of a unified international organization has changed the world and set goals for humanitys future. The United Nations was established in the aftermath of a devastating†¦show more content†¦That organization was the United Nations (Woog 31). The decision for a new alliance was actually thought about during World War II. It was a meeting at St. James Palace in London that brought together representatives from the different nations involved with the war. Then shortly after British prime minister, Winston Churchill and US president, Theodore Roosevelt came together and signed a Inter-Allied pact. American diplomat Clark Eichelberger said: Somehow, millions of people in the world tonight, hearing of the Roosevelt-Churchill Conference, feel that they have been snatched from the brink of disaster and their feet put upon the road to victory and world organization. It will be a long road, entailing many hardships#8212;even, as Mr. Churchill predicted for his country, blood, sweat, toil, and tears. But it is the only road that will lead to victory and permanent peace. It is the road that the American people, with other brave nations, must travel (qtd. in Woog 33). On New Years Day 1942 the new Allies signed a pledge of mutual support, the Declarations of United Nations. In that document it stated the 26 signers were convinced that complete victory over their enemies is essential to defend life, liberty, independence, and religious freedom, and to preserve human rights and justice in their own lands as wellShow MoreRelatedThe Formation Of The United Nations955 Words   |  4 PagesThe dissolution of European colonies left b ehind many unequal power structures and as nation-states defined borders, many local cultural groups became marginalized and disadvantaged as a result of political hegemony by majority populations. The formation of the United Nations (U.N.) and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights were created to link local and global communities, bypassing the actions of the nation-state, in an attempt to avoid repetition of the atrocities committed in the early partRead MoreNational Security Effects On The American People956 Words   |  4 PagesNational Security Effects on the American People When it comes to the United States as a nation it is built to follow the Constitution. This document was created to form rules and laws for the formation of its government. The future of this nation has become more secure than free. The citizens of this great nations lives have now been forced to change due to the restrictions of National Security. The United States was built by the constitution and its laws today are on the brink of becoming unconstitutionalRead MoreOverview of Free Trade Barriers695 Words   |  3 PagesThroughout history nations have utilized trade barriers such as tariffs and embargoes to regulate trade among other nations (Bartlett, 1998). The purpose of such trade barriers was to provide safeguards for a nations imports and exports. The philosophy surrounding the use of trade barriers has changed from time to time with there being periods when they were used extensively and periods when they were abandoned entirely. Prior to the First World War international t rade was flourishing and althoughRead MoreRough Justice : Battle For Fix The World, One Prosecution At A Time By David Bosco1134 Words   |  5 Pagesfocuses on the establishment of the international court and how years after its formation the powerful nations do not cooperate with it. Powerful nations such as the United States and Russia do not support the activities of International Criminal Court (ICC) and thus leaving its mandate to the poor African Nations. The book was chosen because it touches on one of the subjects of international law. The ICC is part of United Nations that deals with the violators of the international law: it helps to provideRead MoreThe Other Hand By Anthony Smith Essay735 Words   |  3 Pagesidentities have clear deterministic characteristics that shape both small societies, nations and states. There are four major determinants that Smith illustrates in his work: distinguishable characteristics of national as opposed to other kinds of collective cultu ral identification; the role of ethnic bases in the formation of new nations; the nature and impact of different nationalist ideologies and symbolism of the formation of ethnic political identities; and last, the political consequences of differentRead More`` Deculturalization And Struggle For Equality `` By Joel Spring1110 Words   |  5 Pagesduring the construction of the new world (contemporary United States) nonwhite racial groups were created by elitist in order to have them deculturalized and maintain a system of racial superiority. Native Americans, Puerto Ricans, Mexicans, Blacks and Asians were each subject to systematic oppression in regards to racial formation, deculturalization, segregation and nation building. These dominated groups share the struggle of equality in this nation where â€Å"All men are equal† brought upon them by educationalRead MoreMulticulturalism Of The United States As An ( Ethno ) Racial Project939 Words   |  4 Pagesmulticulturalism in the United States as an (ethno)racial project. While the direct origin of multicultural rhetoric was America’s race problem, it cannot be fully said that multicultural theory directly answered questions of American’s race problem. In fact, as much as official multiculturalism attempted to make sense of the increasing â€Å"diverse† makeup of its nation, it also hid many of the issues that it was attempting to resolve. For instance, multiculturalism in the United States could be seenRead MoreThe Charter Of The United Nations848 Words   |  4 PagesChapter I | United Nations. UN News Center. UN, n.d. Web. 21 Mar. 2016. This article was a posting of the first chapter of the Charter of the United Nations. In it, it details the purposes and principles of the United Nations thus allowing me to have a better understanding of why the United nations was created. It was created for the purpose of maintaining â€Å"international peace and security, and to that end: to take effective collective measures for the prevention and removal of threats to theRead MoreWorld War II And The Great Depression1658 Words   |  7 Pages The highly numbered risks of war have rigorous effects on societies around the world. World War II had positive and negative effects during and after the war. After the war, the formation of the United Nations helped negotiate and maintain peace, and during the war more jobs helped get the United States out of its biggest economic crisis, the Great Depression. Although, some economists argue that by creating more jobs during World War II, put America into even more debt than the country was alreadyRead MoreGeorge Washington s Farewell Address Essay1258 Words   |  6 Pagesadvised the nation to stand together as one united country, warned the people about the dangers of political parties and he established foundational reasons for the country to not become over involved in foreign affairs. These three principles set forth an understanding that was monumental for American society. Their level of importance serves as a near perfect reflection to both the Declaration of Independence and the United States Constitution as the building blocks to a great nation. Each of these

Banking an Ethical Dilemma Essay - 3052 Words

Tutor Name: David Pearson Module Code: BFE0012 Introduction to Financial Services By Martin Chance U1065521 Deadline: 8/04/2011 Assignment: Banking: An Ethical Dilemma? Introduction In this report, I plan to discuss the question Banking: An Ethical Dilemma? Within this is I will discuss ethical dilemmas in association with banking. I will firstly start by giving definitions of what is meant by the terms: Banking, Ethics, and Dilemma. From here, I will go on to identify what banks are and what the roles and importance are for the economy. Next, I will go on to explain banking operations and with this identification, I plan to then discuss the ethical dilemmas and show my opinion on the question ‘Banking: An Ethical Dilemma?’ I will†¦show more content†¦They main roles are to provide a service to corporate, personal, and private banking to customers. This can include bank accounts for money storage, loans, credit cards, mortgages, and saving as well as many more. Examples of these banks would be; HSBC, Lloyds TSB amp; NatWest. Central banks are the main bank within a national, and have many roles, which are vital in the economy. Central banks such as The Bank of England unlike retails banks are need to keep the economy financial stable. The Bank of England’s roles are to; set interest rates, create money supply, lender of last resort, they are the bankers bank and the place of settlement and they have to regulate these to provide paramount service for the economy. Investment banks are otherwise known as merchant banks. The main purposes of these banks are raising capital for customers, businesses or for the government. This can be achieved by providing services for mergers and acquisitions as well as propriety trading, foreign exchange. Unlike retail banks, investment banks do not take deposits, these banks run from taking equity. Building Societies are financial institutions, which mainly provide saving accounts and mortgages. Unlike other banks, building societies are mutual which means that their customer are members and can therefore receive information and attending meeting regarding the progress or alterations in operations and have a right to vote on the actions taken. Building societies are run byShow MoreRelatedEthical Issues Of Securing Data Security1682 Words   |  7 PagesKumar Meruvu CUW ID: F00439850 Assignment: Term Project - Project 3 1. Topic: Data Security 2. Working Title: Ethical issues in Securing Data 3. Thesis Statement: In this paper the primary motive is to provide the ethical issues related to data security. This paper provides the ethical issues facing by the individuals even the security of the applications is so high. 4. Abstract: Ethical issues are the major concern in todays secured data communication and electronic commerce. 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Sample Evaluating Different Research Methods

Question- Write a report on the following topic:Compare and Contrast Social Research Methods to Program Evaluation Research? ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would thank my supervisor to have provided me the opportunity to work on the research study that is based on the Compare Contrast Social Research Methods to Program Evaluation Research Method? I would like to thank my friends co-workers, who have helped me while conducting the research. I would like to thank to Mr. ------------------------------------------------ to guide me in each step of my research study. Last but not the least; I would like to thank my parents for their moral support. Without the constant help of my parents, it would have been impossible for me to complete the research in an appropriate manner. Thanking you, Yours Sincerely, TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT EXECUTIVE SUMMARY INTRODUCTION OVERVIEW OF SOCIAL RESEARCH OVERVIEW OF PROGRAM EVALUATION CHARACTERISTICS OF SOCIAL RESEARCH CHARACTERISTICS OF PROGRAM EVALUATION SIMILARITIES BETWEEN SOCIAL RESEARCH PROGRAM EVALUATION DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SOCIAL RESEARCH PROGRAM EVALUATION RESEARCH METHODOLOGY CONCLUSION REFERENCES EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Social research methods are a methodical procedure of conceptualizing, dissecting furthermore investigating the human life in order to check develop the information of social life conduct of the human. This system tries to find different phenomena that are both clarified unexplained. This system serves to clear up misconstrued reality of social life. Program evaluation research strategies are single individual orderly studies headed irregularly on the other h on an unrehearsed reason to overview how well frameworks are working. They are oftentimes guided by masters external to the system, either inside or outside the association, furthermore by task executives. This system customarily examines achievement of venture ends of the line in the setting of distinctive parts of task execution or in the setting in which it happens. This report highlights the similarities differences between the two concepts. The report starts with a brief overview of the two concepts tries to determine the characteristics of social program evaluation research. Then the paper discusses the similarities between the two finds that both the concepts are similar in their main objective, result research methodology. Similarly, differences are also discussed. Before concluding the paper a brief description about how the research conducted in for completing this study is provided. The paper is concluded by giving a summary of the whole work. INTRODUCTION From many years, debate is going on to understand the similarities differences between social research methods program evaluation methods. For instance, in the year 1999, Michael Lipsey, Howard Freeman Peter Rossi demonstrated that the program evaluation is the function of social research method to assess the implementation design of the program. However, Michael Patton in the year 1997 argued that program evaluation is not the function of social research; it is a systematic approach of guiding the decision makers to make effective decisions that they cannot meet using the social research methods. The study discusses the similarities differences between the social research methods program evaluation will also discuss the various characteristics of the methods. OVERVIEW OF SOCIAL RESEARCH Social research methods are a systematic process of conceptualizing, analyzing also exploring the human life so as to verify extend the knowledge of social life behavior of the human. This method seeks to discover various phenomena that are both explained unexplained. This method helps to clarify misconceived reality of social life (Dooley, 2001). Social research methods include application of various scientific methods for analyzing understanding the social life with the present knowledge system. The key idea behind this methodology is to find out latest facts, latest knowledge latest relations linking with the old ones. Since the behavior of the human beings involves laws values. The key principle of this research method is to find out the proper laws that would effectively guide to analyze study the human behavior contact (Lewis-Beck, Bryman Liao, 2013). P.V Young says that social research is a systematic method of finding out various old new facts. He further says that the sequences of this method are interlinked; there exist causal explanations also various laws that are used to govern them. The social research methods must satisfy the following attributes: Parsimony: It is way of accepting the easiest logic for making an economic explanation of the research. This prevents the research from achieving complexities also relationships that demonstrates everything but specifically does not explain anything in particular (ssc.wisc.edu, n.d.). Falsifiability: Theory in the social research should be demonstrated in such a way that it can be disproven later on. The theories should be specified so that some other researcher can measure test the concepts applied (Jupp, 2006). Precision: The concepts applied in the theory are sometimes difficult to measure, thus should be defined with accuracy, so that other researchers or readers can utilize those defined terms to evaluate the concepts also test validate the theory used (Babbie, 2012). Replicability: This attributes is all about repeating or replicating independently the same study may be with different results (Friedhoff et al., 2013). OVERVIEW OF PROGRAM EVALUATION Program evaluation methods are single person methodical studies led intermittently alternately on an impromptu premise to survey how well a system are working. They are frequently directed by specialists outer to the program, either inside or outside the organization, also by project directors (Thomas, 2012). This method ordinarily analyzes accomplishment of project destinations in the setting of different parts of project execution or in the setting in which it happens. Four principle sorts can be distinguished, all of which utilize measures of project execution, alongside other data, to take in the profits of a system or how to enhance it. Program Evaluation may be directed at a few stages amid a program's lifetime. Each of these stages brings up distinctive issues to be replied by the evaluator, correspondingly diverse Program Evaluation methodologies are required. Rossi, Lipsey Freeman (2004) propose the accompanying sorts of appraisal, which may be proper at these distinctive stages: Evaluation of the requirement for the project Evaluation of project outline rationale/hypothesis Appraisal of how the system is, no doubt executed Appraisal of the program's result or effect Evaluation of the program's expense proficiency. As indicated by Rossi et al. (2004, p. 222), 'a measure that is inadequately picked or misguided can totally undermine the value of an effect evaluation by delivering deceiving evaluations. Just if conclusion measures are substantial, dependable fittingly delicate can affect appraisals be viewed as sound'. Reliability- The unwavering quality of an estimation instrument is the 'degree to which the measure delivers the same results when utilized more than once to measure the same thing' (Rossi et al., 2004, p. 218). The more dependable a measure is, the more noteworthy its factual force the more believable its discoveries. On the off chance that a measuring instrument is untrustworthy, it may weaken dark the true impacts of a project, the system will 'give off an impression of being less compelling than it really is' (Rossi et al., 2004, p. 219). Hence, it is paramount to guarantee the Program Evaluation is as dependable as could be expected under the circumstances. Validity- The legitimacy of an estimation instrument is 'the degree to which it measures what it is proposed to measure' (Rossi et al., 2004, p. 219). This idea can be hard to precisely measure: as a rule use in Program Evaluations, an instrument may be esteemed substantial if acknowledged as legitimate by the (stakeholders may incorporate, for instance, funders, program directors, whatnot). Sensitivity- The essential motivation behind the Program Evaluation procedure is to measure whether the project has an impact on the social issue it looks to review; consequently, the estimation instrument must be delicate enough to recognize these potential progressions (Rossi et al., 2004). An estimation instrument may be uncaring in the event that it contains things measuring conclusions which the system couldn't in any way, shape or form impact, or if the instrument was initially created for applications to people (for instance institutionalized mental measures) as opposed to a gathering setting (Rossi et al., 2004). These variables may bring about "clamor" which may darken any impact the system may have had. CHARACTERISTICS OF SOCIAL RESEARCH Various characteristics of social research can be drawn from the above discussed overview (Kumar, 2002): Social research method is mainly associated with the social phenomenon. This method is utilized to study the human beings behavior as they are the members of the society. This helps them to understand the attitudes, response feelings under various situations (Bailey, 2008). This method encompasses the various aspects of human life like administrative, social, political, economic social. The main objective of this method is to find out new facts. This technique is generally applied in finding out the real relationship reasoning related behavior of the human beings. Social research method is a scientific process that uses systematized logical techniques. This method also creates various scientific concepts tools which provide valid reliable study of behavior of human being. Social research method helps in understanding the development of latest theories. Each research that is conducted sets up few truths, highlight key principles, analyzes their causal explanation, sequences also interrelationships. The results of this method helps in improving the human life understandings, exp the knowledge also evolve latest theories. Social research method generally emphasizes on minute investigation also deep knowledge of a concerned topic. There must always be some objective of the social research. Thus the researcher should not show any personal biasness while conducting the result because this would negate the universality criteria of a scientific function (Gray, 2004). As the social research method is based on the human behavior or the social phenomenon, thus experimentation cannot be conducted in the social sciences. But there are cases where the social sciences take the protection of controlled experimentation. It is important that there should be inter-relationship among the variables while conducting the social research. Apart from this, the social research variables are immeasurable, only some estimation can be made about the variables. Social research method is dynamic in its nature. Thus it is not necessary that the present past variables are same the results of past may not be similar to the present ones. It is not possible to determine if the compartments of the research is purely sociological, economic political researches there is interrelationship among the various variables in social research. According to Social research characteristics all the social events that are conducted are mainly governed by various rules regulations. Various researches have found that the social researches are complimentary to physical research. Both the branches are interrelated to each other. In this context according to Good Scates The qualitative life makes request on all fields of science. The issues of creating a decent life are to a limited extent sociological mental, partially physical to some degree organic. Man recognizes his needs that are dispersed through all the information territories he in like manner discovers his fulfillment emerging from the helping in all zones. Continued studies are exploration programs must, in this way be kept up over a wide scope of investment. CHARACTERISTICS OF PROGRAM EVALUATION The following is the characteristics of program evaluation: The program evaluation is one of the latest conventional ways of research- According to Potter (1999, pp. 209-210), this research method is one of the important parts of creating social programmes. This method is necessary for all the social programs that receive some public funding. This method acts as a prerequisite for the social program that can be implemented formulated. The program evaluation method is a part of social research- According to Brook (1997, pp. 113), program research method provides information to the decision makers who are responsible for collecting fund, designing implementing program. Mark (1996, pp. 231) supports the statement by saying that for the above reasons this method, typically utilize quasi-experimental or pre-experimental designs that are estimates to the test plans. This research is the scientific process that uses the advanced methodologies of social researches that are intended to give information regarding the failure or achievement of specific social programmes policies which focuses on improving the quality of life of the society. The program evaluation is a research methodology that can be practical in nature- Mark (1996, pp.230) says that the program evaluation research mainly emphasizes on serving the people in the society. Therefore this method can be functional in the real world programme as the outcome of this method can improve develop the social programs. The program evaluation research methodology is similar to auditing but is more than the audit process that is specially made by the policy makers. As per the opinion of Pollit Summa (1997), this research method is various responsibilities unlike auditing, it mainly focuses on the theory explains the why questions reformulates the challenges to persuade the key stakeholders to distinguish the issues in diverse perspectives where as auditing is to mainly apply the fixed criteria to establish accounts also compare the results to find the right audiences. Thus program research is something more than auditing. The program evaluation develops the quality of life- Pawson Tilley (1997) says that social programs are unexceptionally, unequivocally undeniably social systems they are tranquil as in social systems of the relationship of institution individual of structure agency of macro micro social processes. The program evaluation mainly investigates the service delivery of the social programmes in improving the quality of life. The program evaluation research consists of political elements- It is concerned with those social programmes that are evaluated, implemented formulated by the bureaucrats politicians with the effective governance. The program evaluation acts as stakeholders guide- Royse, Thyer Padgett, (2010) says that the objective of the program research is to give information that can be utilized to improve the social life. Thus it primarily addresses the issues helps in making decisions also takes effective actions based on the results (Rossi, et.al.1999, pp.26) The program evaluation method is a program planning process- It helps in identifying the best strategies that can be utilized to address the social issues improve the quality of life of the community. This research is in relation to accountability- Robson (1993, pp.171) states that the accountability is a framework that drives the business towards profit making. Similarly, program evaluation SIMILARITIES BETWEEN SOCIAL RESEARCH PROGRAM EVALUATION The similarities between social research program evaluation are to build effective knowledge base of a specific topic. Social research program evaluation forms both include the accumulation of data through beforehand distributed articles, meetings, composed reviews individual observation. Social research program evaluation both uncover qualities shortcomings identified with the point being surveyed. The information prompts upgrades the advancement of objectives (McCaig Dahlberg, 2010). Both the social research the program evaluation involve constructing effective theories, then designing the research methodology also collecting data analyzing the data. Both the researches define reliability validity that accounts towards good research. This makes sure that the sampling procedures to target the right audiences for the research are adequate also effectively used collect the data. In both the cases, the research method collection analysis of data include learning from the sample drawn, collect, measure analyze the gathered information. Social research program evaluation involves various stakeholders to make sure that the relevant research questions are asked to meet the objective of the research (Harwell, n.d.). Both the social research the program evaluation use (Glass Worthen, 1971): Same systems, same abilities- Analysts evaluators utilize the same strategies for social science request require the same sorts of abilities, qualities standards in the specialists directing a request. Have same domain- Evaluation is a piece of the space of instructive research is not disengaged from general advancements issues in instructive research, its technique hypothetical issues. Balanced re-development versus reality: an imparted test- Both program evaluation exploration face comparative difficulties in picking in the middle of prescription description reporting their discoveries. Reports are frequently sound re-developments of the substances of the research procedure, introduced to fit standards of "perfect" practice instead of records of the substances themselves. Increasing impact of governments patrons brings joining- Assets for instructive exploration expansive scale program evaluations are progressively dictated by the requests of governments or funders who look for answers for midway characterized points or inquiries which are issue situated arrangement related. One aftereffect of this may be to make scrutinize more like program evaluation in having concentrate on pragmatic conclusions particular issues. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SOCIAL RESEARCH PROGRAM EVALUATION Social science research does not go for or accomplish evaluative conclusions. It is confined to observational (instead of evaluative) research, builds its decisions just with respect to authentic comes about that is, watched, measured, or ascertained information. Social science research does not make models or qualities afterward incorporate them with true comes about to reach evaluative conclusions (Sarantakos, 2005). Truth be told, the prevailing social science teaching for a long time prided itself on being esteem free. So for the minute, social science research rejects evaluation. The intent of social research is explanation, description exploration that are to explain various things, describe events situations also familiarize with the specific topic (sagepub.com, 2009). Program Evaluation decides the legitimacy, worth or estimation of things. The Program Evaluation methodology distinguishes pertinent values or models that apply to what is, no doubt assessed, performs experimental research utilizing strategies from the social sciences, afterward coordinates conclusions with the guidelines into a general Program Evaluation or set of Program Evaluations (Scriven, 1991). The intent of program evaluation is to figure out if the system is productive regarding utilizing assets shrewdly to perform the required work, compelling by execution measures or destinations set, actualized as expressed. The proficiency viability of a system can help decide, fix responsibility issues, support in arranging (cdc.gov, n.d.). Research plans to create new information inside a field. In a perfect world, analysts outline studies to have the capacity to sum up discoveries to the entire populationevery single individual inside the gathering being examined. Program Evaluation just concentrates on the specific project close by. Program Evaluations may face included asset time obligations .Daniel L. Stufflebeam, Ph.d., a remarkable evaluator, caught it briefly: "The motivation behind Program Evaluation is to enhance, not prove." at the end of the day, research strives to secure that a specific element brought about a specific impact. An alternate noticeable evaluator, Michael J. Scriven, Ph.d., notes that Program Evaluation relegates quality to a system while research looks to be esteem free (Coffman, 2003). Researchers gather information, present results after that make determinations that explicitly connection to the exact information. Evaluators include additional steps. They gather information, inspect how the information lines up with formerly decided norms (otherwise called criteria or benchmarks) focus the value of the system. So while evaluators likewise make conclusions that must reliably reflect the exact information, they make the additional strides of contrasting the project information with execution benchmarks judging the estimation of the system. While this may appear to cast evaluators in the part of judge we must recall that Program Evaluations focus the estimation of projects so they can help enhance them (Armstrong-Ward others, 2011). RESEARCH METHODOLOGY This present research is fully based on the secondary data using scholarly journals, literature review articles reference books. This method has helped to find information related to social research also program evaluation research. The use of secondary has helped to carry the analysis between the social research program evaluation research more quickly. This has helped to save both money time in collecting the primary data also avoid effort duplication. There are numerous data available in the internet which has helped in completing this research make effective comparison contrast between two research methods. CONCLUSION In conclusion, both the social research program evaluation are interlinked to each other. From the research it can stated that program evaluation is the subset of social research. The expressions "social research program evaluation are as often as possible utilized conversely to depict the same activity; notwithstanding they each one have a different definition. Program evaluation characterizes the procedure of gaining data or information while social research alludes to the understanding or evaluation of the data collected. Despite the fact that they have separate definitions, there are additionally shared characteristics in the middle of social research program evaluation. REFERENCES Armstrong-Ward, J., others,. (2011). Research and Evaluation. Feedback, 7, 34. Babbie, E. (2012). The practice of social research (13th ed., p. 148). Belmont, Calif.: Cengage Learning. Bailey, K. (2008). Methods of social research (4th ed., pp. 10-12). New York: Simon and Schuster. cdc.gov,. Introduction to Program Evaluation for Public Health Programs. Retrieved 8 October 2014, Coffman, J. (2003). Michael Scriven on the Differences Between Evaluation and Social Science Research / Reflecting on the Past and Future of Evaluation / Issue Archive / The Evaluation Exchange / Evaluation / HFRP - Harvard Family Research Project. Hfrp.org. Retrieved 8 October 2014 Dooley, K. (2001). Social research methods. Friedhoff, S., Meier zu Verl, C., Pietsch, C., Meyer, C., Vompras, J., Liebig, S. (2013). Replicability and Comprehensibility of Social Research and its Technical Implementation. Ratswd_WP_. Glass, G., Worthen, B. (1971). Educational evaluation and research: Similarities and differences. Curriculum Theory Network, 149--165. Gray, D. (2004). Doing research in the real world (1st ed.). London: Sage Publications. Harwell, M. Research Design in Qualitative/Quantitative/ Mixed Methods. sagepub.in. Retrieved 8 October 2014. Kumar, A. (2002). Research Methodology in Social Science (1st ed., pp. 7-8). Sarup Sons. Lewis-Beck, M., Bryman, A., Liao, T. (2013). Encyclopedia of Social Science Research Methods. SAGE Publications, Inc. Lipsey, M. (1996). Key issues in intervention research: A program evaluation perspective. American Journal Of Industrial Medicine, 29(4), 298--302. McCaig, C., Dahlberg, L. (2010). Practical research and evaluation (1st ed.). London: SAGE. Patton, M. (1997). Utilization-focused evaluation: The new century tex (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Pawson, R., Tilley, N. (1997). An introduction to scientific realist evaluation. Sage Publications, Inc. Pollitt, C., Summa, H. (1997). Reflexive watchdogs? How supreme audit institutions account for themselves. Public Administration, 75(2), 313--336. Potter, C. (1999). Programme Evaluation. In M. Terre Blanche K. Durrheim (Eds.), Research in Practice: applied methods for the social sciences (1st ed.). Cape Town: University of Cape Town Press. Robson, C. (1993). Real World Research: A Resource for Social Scientists and Practitioner-Researchers (1st ed., p. 171). Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishers. Robson, C. (1993). Real World Research: A Resource for Social Scientists and Practitioner-Researchers (1st ed., p. 171). Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishers. Rossi, P., Lipsey, M., Freeman, H. (1999). Evaluation (1st ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Rossi, P., Lipsey, M., Freeman, H. (2004). Evaluation (1st ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Royse, D., Thyer, B., Padgett, D. (2010). Program Evaluation: An Introduction (5th ed.). CA: Cengage Learning. sagepub.com,. (2009). Purposes of Social Work Research. Retrieved 8 October 2014, Sarantakos, S. (2005). Social research (1st ed.). New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Scriven, M. (1991). Evaluation Thesaurus (1st ed.). Newbury Park, Calif: Sage. ssc.wisc.edu,. Theory in Social Science. Retrieved 8 October 2014, Stufflebeam, D. (2007). CIPP Evaluation Model Checklist. wmich.edu. Retrieved 8 October 2014, Thomas, J. (2012). Program Evaluation Research. Action Research Methods: Plain And Simple, 175. Young, P. (1960). Scientific Social Surveys and Research (1st ed.). New York: Prentice Hall Publications.

Second Coming Essays - Abbey Theatre, Anti-Catholicism In Ireland

Second Coming "Surely the Second coming is at hand;... when a vast image out of Spiritus Mundi Troubles my sight:... A shape with a lion body and the head of a man, / A gaze blank And pitiless as the sun,"(2.9-15). Is the world actually coming to an end? Is this sphinx-like creature truly our inevitable savior? Or, is Yeats' life and things surrounding it coming to chaos? Is the war and restless spirit of Ireland influencing Yeats' work? On the other hand, is Yeats trying to help one to understand the frustrations of their own lives on a more personal level? The depth of Yeats's work, among many other great poets, is immeasurable. Many surrounding emotions, and intentions may go into this poem, along with various other subsidies the poet may not even be aware of. This is precisely why the literature department, or lack of, in many schools is weakening. Too many teachers, professors, and now students focus either solely on rhyme and meter or the "obvious" reason a poet might compose a poem, such as personal relationships, failures, earthly surroundings, or mental distress. The educators of students today need to be more open-minded on the interpretations one has for a particular poem. Literature has been a very strong Darr2 foundation for any prosperous civilization. For centuries poets will be immortalized in classes and books. However, as their words are remembered their spirit has been lost. When analyzing a great poet's work such as Yeats, the most obvious interpretation is usually not the correct one. Literature helps open minds to endless possibilities in every possible aspect. If students are taught to just accept explanations and are discouraged from questioning or even thinking for themselves, then the world will soon become full of conformed, mindless robots. Future leaders of the world must be taught to analyze everything. They must be taught to use their imaginations and logical thinking together. That is a most powerful combination in the hands of a determined student. The process must be in the root of this thinking. It must begin with literature. Throughout Yeats' life he has produced numerous controversial poems. Many people hold their own, very strong, opinions about poems. The truth is, there is not only one. Yeats had many different influences when writing "The Second Coming", and it is important for the reader to know each of them before they can even begin to understand the many meanings and interpretations of this poem. Yeats's poetry has three major influences. The more obvious one is the fact that Yeats was from Ireland, and at the time that this poem was written, World War II was affecting Ireland. However, WWII was not something knew to the Ireland's culture because for the past 300 years Ireland had been involved in many other wars and at the same time trying to gain their independence. Another influence on Yeats's writing was his personal religion, Gnosticism. According to Harold Bloom, Yeats believed Christianity to be "the barbarian theosophy," and declined to distinguish it form Gnosticism (1). Gnosticism Darr3 has to do with searching for self-knowledge and rejecting the society of their time. This seems to have been quite appropriate for Yeats and his writing. The third influence on Yeats's writing was the work of other philosophical writers such as Shelley, Blake, and Nietzsche. Yeats used some of the imagery and context of their previous works to help describe the meaning of "The Second Coming." When reading "The Second Coming" one's first impression might be of someone who felt as though they had no control of their life and therefore life was about to come to an end. That interpretation was not well thought out and very narrow-minded. The meaning is much more complex than that. "The Second Coming" is a very powerful piece of poetry, and one of the most universal admired poems of the 20th century. Attempting to understand William Butler Yeats's work is almost impossible unless you let one to become completely open-minded on every aspect of the poem. There are many different theories as to what the true meaning of "The Second Coming" really is. The fact of the matter is that Yeats purposefully has more than one interpretation of "The Second Coming." He wants the average person to open his or her creative mind and to analyze every influence, language, and imagery to understand the message he is trying to get across. When reading the opening lines of "The Second Coming" there are two meaning Yeats is trying to portray. In the opening figuration,

Wright Brothers First Fatal Airplane Crash

Wright Brothers First Fatal Airplane Crash It had only been five years since Orville and Wilbur Wright made their famous flight at Kitty Hawk. By 1908, the Wright brothers were traveling across the United States and Europe in order to demonstrate their flying machine. Everything went well until that fateful day, September 17, 1908, which began with a cheering crowd of 2,000 and ended with pilot Orville Wright severely injured and passenger Lieutenant Thomas Selfridge dead. A Flight Exhibition Orville Wright had done this before. He had taken his first official passenger, Lt. Frank P. Lahm, into the air on September 10, 1908, at Fort Myer, Virginia. Two days later, Orville took another passenger, Major George O. Squier, up in the Flyer for nine minutes. These flights were part of an exhibition for the United States Army. The U.S. Army was considering purchasing the Wrights aircraft for a new military airplane. To get this contract, Orville had to prove that the airplane could successfully carry passengers. Though the first two trials had been successful, the third was to prove a catastrophe. Lift Off! Twenty-six-year-old Lieutenant Thomas E. Selfridge volunteered to be a passenger. A member of the Aerial Experiment Association (an organization headed by Alexander Graham Bell and in direct competition with the Wrights), Lt. Selfridge was also on the Army board that was assessing the Wrights Flyer at Fort Myers, Virginia. It was just after 5 p.m. on September 17, 1908, when Orville and Lt. Selfridge got into the airplane. Lt. Selfridge was the Wrights heaviest passenger thus far, weighing 175 pounds. Once the propellers were turned, Lt. Selfridge waved to the crowd. For this demonstration, approximately 2,000 people were present. The weights were dropped and the airplane was off. Out of Control The Flyer was up in the air. Orville was keeping it very simple and had successfully flown three laps over the parade ground at an altitude of approximately 150 feet. Then Orville heard light tapping. He turned and quickly looked behind him, but he didnt see anything wrong. Just to be safe, Orville thought he should turn off the engine and glide to the ground. But before Orville could shut off the engine, he heard two big thumps, which gave the machine a terrible shaking. The machine would not respond to the steering and lateral balancing levers, which produced a most peculiar feeling of helplessness. Something flew off the airplane. (It was later discovered to be a propeller.) Then the airplane suddenly veered right. Orville couldnt get the machine to respond. He shut off the engine. He kept trying to regain control of the airplane. . . . I continued to push the levers, when the machine suddenly turned to the left. I reversed the levers to stop the turning and to bring the wings on a level. Quick as a flash, the machine turned down in front and started straight for the ground. Throughout the flight, Lt. Selfridge had remained silent. A few times Lt. Selfridge had glanced at Orville to see Orvilles reaction to the situation. The airplane was about 75 feet in the air when it started a nose-dive to the ground. Lt. Selfridge let out a nearly inaudible Oh! Oh! The Crash Heading straight for the ground, Orville was not able to regain control. The Flyer hit the ground hard. The crowd was at first in silent shock. Then everyone ran over to the wreckage. The crash created a cloud of dust. Orville and Lt. Selfridge were both pinned in the wreckage. They were able to disentangle Orville first. He was bloody but conscious. It was harder to get Selfridge out. He too was bloody and had an injury to his head. Lt. Selfridge was unconscious. The two men were taken by stretcher to the nearby post hospital. Doctors operated on Lt. Selfridge, but at 8:10 p.m., Lt. Selfridge died from a fractured skull, without ever regaining consciousness. Orville suffered a broken left leg, several broken ribs, cuts on his head, and many bruises. Lt. Thomas Selfridge was buried with military honors at Arlington National Cemetery. He was the first man to die in an airplane. Orville Wright was released from the Army hospital on October 31. Though he would walk and fly again, Orville continued to suffer from fractures in his hip that had gone unnoticed at the time. Orville later determined that the crash was caused by a stress crack in the propeller. The Wrights soon redesigned the Flyer to eliminate the flaws that led to this accident. Sources Howard, Fred. Wilbur and Orville: A Biography of the Wright Brothers.  Alfred A. Knopf, 1987, New York.Prendergast, Curtis. The First Aviators. Time-Life Books, 1980, Alexandria, VA.Whitehouse, Arch. The Early Birds: The Wonders and Heroics of the First Decades of Flight. Doubleday Company, 1965, Garden City, NY.

Assassination Attempt on Franklin D. Roosevelt

Assassination Attempt on Franklin D. Roosevelt Statistically, being the president of the United States is one of the most dangerous jobs in the world, since four have been assassinated (Abraham Lincoln, James Garfield, William McKinley, and John F. Kennedy). In addition to the presidents that have actually been killed while in office, there have been a myriad of unsuccessful attempts to kill U.S. presidents. One of these happened on February 15, 1933, when  Giuseppe Zangara tried to kill President-elect Franklin D. Roosevelt in Miami, Florida. The Assassination Attempt On February 15, 1933, just over two  weeks before Franklin D. Roosevelt was inaugurated as President of the United States, FDR arrived at the Bayfront Park in Miami, Florida around 9 p.m. to give a speech from the back seat of his light-blue Buick. Around 9:35 p.m., FDR finished his speech and had begun talking to some supporters who had gathered around his car when when five shots rang out. Giuseppe Joe Zangara, an Italian immigrant and unemployed bricklayer, had emptied his .32 caliber pistol at FDR. Shooting from about 25 feet away, Zangara was close enough kill FDR. However, since Zangara was only 51, he couldnt see FDR without climbing up on a wobbly chair in order to see over the crowd. Also, a woman named Lillian Cross, who stood near Zangara in the crowd, claimed to have hit Zangaras hand during the shooting. Whether it was because of bad aim, the wobbly chair, or Mrs. Crosss intervention, all five bullets missed FDR. The bullets, however, did hit bystanders. Four received minor injuries, while Chicagos Mayor Anton Cermak was mortally hit in the stomach. FDR Appears Brave During the whole ordeal, FDR appeared calm, brave, and decisive. While FDRs driver wanted to immediately rush the president-elect to safety, FDR ordered the car to stop and pick up the wounded. On their way to the hospital, FDR cradled Cermaks head on his shoulder, offering calming and comforting words which doctors later reported kept Cermak from going into shock. FDR spent several hours at the hospital, visiting each of the wounded. He came back the following day to check on the patients again. At a time when the United States desperately needed a strong leader, the untested president-elect proved himself strong and reliable in the face of crisis. Newspapers reported on both FDRs actions and demeanor, putting faith in FDR before he even stepped into the presidential office. Why Did Zangara Do It? Joe Zangara was caught immediately and taken into custody. In an interview with officials after the shooting, Zangara stated that he wanted to kill FDR because he blamed FDR and all rich people and capitalists for his chronic stomach pain. At first, a judge sentenced Zangara to 80 years in prison after Zangara pleaded guilty, saying, I kill capitalists because they kill me, stomach like drunk man. No point living. Give me electric chair.* However,  when Cermak died of his wounds on March 6, 1933 (19 days after the shooting and two days after FDRs inauguration), Zangara was charged with first-degree murder and sentenced to death. On March 20, 1933, Zangara strode to  the electric chair  unaided and then plunked himself down. His last words were Pusha da button! *Joe Zangara as quoted in Florence King, A Date Which Should Live in Irony,  The American Spectator  February 1999: 71-72.

Article Critique about information system Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Critique about information system - Article Example For a business entity to be successful, there are many elements that come into play. They range from political, economic, social and technological factors. LPL Financial is mostly concentrating on the latter while it has entirely neglected the other equally important elements that are classified as the macro environment. This is the wrong approach that it adopted. First of all, the company has too many advisers. 13500 advisers is a huge number for one business no matter how big it may be. The argument that may be brought forth is that the more advisers for a company the more it is likely to achieve its goals, because with many experts nothing can go wrong. However, what this business does not know is that a huge chunk of their revenue is used in servicing the salaries of these professionals. Expert advice does not come cheap and for a company that is in the process of expansion, this is a very bad move. Secondly, the company is also relying on 700 institutions’ opinions before it can make a decision. This is a clear contradiction because the business claims to be a leader in discovering new trends. Successful businesses do not rely on others, others rely on them. The business should concentrate on coming up with new inventions and the 700 institutions that it relies on will start relying on it. Being a slave for other institutions will result to bullying. Take for instance, several institutions decide to change from one line of product to another. LPL Financial will respond by restructuring its business to suit these institutions, but this is an expensive venture and may take a long time to recover the finances used. Lastly, the business has designated too much power to the employees. Allowing workers to come up with different inventions and thrive is not a bad thing, is it? The problem is the management does not come into the picture. What is their role in all these? Do they even have work? Allowing different

The US media and the middleeast Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The US media and the middleeast - Essay Example The period of enlightenment in Europe involved the ranking of society by evolutionary scale from civilization to barbarism, which contributed to a negativity surrounding the Middle East. The spread of colonization in the 19th century brought with it a further distinction of â€Å"others†, with the Middle East considered as such. A similar ideology evolved through the 20th century, with the US being increasingly involved in the Middle East expanse, and Israel in the post-1945 period. As Israel’s staunchest supporter, to preeminence in a region of competitive interests is difficult for Americans. The media took a leading role in redefining the political and cultural agenda of the US toward the region. This paper is a discussion of the United States media and the Middle East. Representation of the Middle East by the US Media Most media experts argue that the coverage of the Middle East by the US media is in the context of a primarily Western audience. Unless there is a red efinition of cultural discrepancies between the Middle East and the US, then a negative, stereotypical image will continue to be depicted in the media (Kamalipour 33). Diplomatic historians will approach the US foreign policy toward the region from a perspective privileging the interests of the US in the region. In this context, culture is left to play a subordinate role. News media can be viewed as the driving force behind both domestic and international political mobilization. Media creates a stereotypical representation of the region’s people and culture, slowly engendering a misunderstanding and intolerance in mainstream American culture (Kamalipour 34). This representation was exacerbated in the aftermath of 9/ 11 and the American invasion of Iraq. Media tends to construct the stereotypical Middle Easterner, rather than, illuminate the relationships between culture and the political process. Despite having contributed to the American economy for over two centuries, the n egative reputations preceding them, have delegated to second-rate citizens who cannot embrace the American dream and its secular nature. American media have picked up this and packaged it for American consumption. In this respect, the Middle East is represented within a binary oppositional framework where the region is classified as a tyrannical space (Kamalipour 34). Stuart Hall, who is a cultural critic, contends that these binary oppositions are crucial for the establishment of a difference for the facilitation of organizing perceptive systems. This classification system is further elaborated in order to maintain an oppositional relationship between the uncivilized and the uncivilized. Misrepresentation, in this context, then becomes an instrument for the advancement of political agenda. Throughout Western history, negative and stereotypical portrayals have been utilized to service imperial projects. Presently, there is evidence that the media tends to create a link between Weste rn ideologies in the Middle East and the domestic imagination. Representation is a phenomenon when dealing with differences in culture. In this context, it engages reactions, emotions and attitudes while seeking to influence the viewer’s opinion and questions. It also promotes the synthesis of a set of cultural values that respond to the viewer’s anxieties (Kamalipour 35). In this context, a Middle Easterner is defined

Assignment Final Paper Topic Essay Example for Free

Assignment Final Paper Topic Essay This work contains GEN 499 Week 3 Assignment Final Paper Topic Thesis Statement and Annotated Bibliography Education General Education Annotated Bibliography Review the Final Research Paper instructions located within the Final Research Paper link. The Final Research Paper is due in Week Five. To help with the preparation of the paper, complete the following and submit it to your instructor for feedback. Topic : Refer to the Final Research Paper guidelines for your topic selection. Confirm your topic, and identify how this selection relates to your academic and professional pursuits. Review the feedback from your topic choice presented in the Week One discussion. How did your argument stand up to the examination of your peers? Thesis : Write a direct and concise thesis statement, which will become the point or perspective you will argue or prove in the Final Research Paper. Refer to the Ashford Online Writing Center for information on how to develop a solid thesis statement. APA Reference Page : For this paper, you will conduct research in peer-reviewed journals or other sources that are considered to have academic information. You will need a minimum of five professional scholarly sources, at least one of which is a multimedia source. For each source, you are responsible for summarizing the source and examining how it will support you in defending your argument. Keep in mind the Academic Research standards for all Ashford University Papers. Academic Research Academic research and papers must meet certain standards of quality recognized by the academic community. What constitutes quality, academic research? Primary sources, which are documents from the time period being discussed Secondary sources supported by research in primary sources Credible sources (experts in the area of study)   Relevant research (materials are p For downloading more course tutorials visit https://bitly.com/1rubFkT If you are returning to college with a kid or more, you might assume that on-campus living is not an option. This is not always true. Alot of colleges provide a place for children to live as well. Colleges and universities have accepted the fact that some students are older and already have families. Be sure to ask early about housing options for families, because it tends to fill up very fast. Education General Education Annotated Bibliography Review the Final Research Paper instructions located within the Final Research Paper link. The Final Research Paper is due in Week Five. To help with the preparation of the paper, complete the following and submit it to your instructor for feedback. Topic : Refer to the Final Research Paper guidelines for your topic selection. Confirm your topic, and identify how this selection relates to your academic and professional pursuits. Review the feedback from your topic choice presented in the Week One discussion. How did your argument stand up to the examination of your peers? Thesis : Write a direct and concise thesis statement, which will become the point or perspective you will argue or prove in the Final Research Paper. Refer to the Ashford Online Writing Center for information on how to develop a solid thesis statement. APA Reference Page : For this paper, you will conduct research in peer-reviewed journals or other sources that are considered to have academic information. You will need a minimum of five professional scholarly sources, at least one of which is a multimedia source. For each source, you are responsible for summarizing the source and examining how it will support you in defending your argument. Keep in mind the Academic Research standards for all Ashford University Papers. Academic Research Academic research and papers must meet certain standards of quality  recognized by the academic community. What constitutes quality, academic research? Primary sources, which are documents from the time period being discussed Secondary sources supported by research in primary sources Credible sources (experts in the area of study) Relevant research (materials are pertinent to the area of study) In graduate work, the use of peer-reviewed journal articles (journal articles reviewed by recognized experts in the relevant field of study) is required.

The Panopticon Essay example -- Panopticon Papers

The Panopticon There have been , since the time of the Enlightenment, two distinct models for disciplinary institutions. Both of these models may be seen in the form of prisons. The contemporary ideal of the institutions derives its form from Bentham's Panopticon. In the period shortly following the age of Enlightenment, Bentham, an economist by trade, began to critically evaluate the disciplinary institutions of the day. Seeing that the model of the prison could be characterized as a form of discipline-blockade, he set out to improve the functionality of the prison as well as other institutions. Being an economist, Bentham saw that these institutions were not functionally productive. In describing the discipline blockade form Michel Foucault writes that it is, "turned inwards towards negative functions: arresting evil, breaking communications, suspending time."(209, Discipline and Punish) Now although this may seem befitting of criminal behavior, there is another disciplinary model which, when emp loyed, will achieve far greater results than that previously described. This new form is termed a, "discipline-mechanism" by Foucault.(209) This mechanism is not limited in practice to prisons, its widespread use can form a disciplinary society through its employment in the minute institutions of society. Its deployment will create a disciplinary society where power is not accumulated but is made functional and useful in maintaining societal discipline. However, before singing the praises of this new mechanism, it would be beneficial to analyze the pre-existing forms of discipline and how they lead to this new model. Also, it would not be wise to readily accept this panopticism without realizing the social ramifications of this n... ..., cause some uneasy feelings in those citizens in non-disciplinary spaces where they feel autonomous. The notion of being constantly surveilled and coerced begs the question: if humans are so subtly coerced, do we really have the freedom to defy that coercion? Where has that freedom gone? Panopticism is a very useful tool. However, when diffused into society's non-disciplinary spaces it may create tension and hostility. This is not to say that this tool should not be used but that it should possibly have boundaries and limitations. Society should not revert to the blockade to compensate, but should recognize the very subtle ways in which we are influenced in our decisions in order to make decisions which benefit our own interests and not those of the power structure. Works Cited: Foucault, Michel., Discipline and Punish, 1977. Random House, Inc., New York.

Scientific Sessions

Name: Ornella Hayles ID Number: 816008392 Tutor: Sheldon Pilgrim Session: Tuesdays 2-3pm3700030000 Name: Ornella Hayles ID Number: 816008392 Tutor: Sheldon Pilgrim Session: Tuesdays 2-3pm44000341947525002514604000070000455003536315690006939915370000455003536315350003520440Sci, Med & TechReflective Journal3600028000Sci, Med & TechReflective JournalSession Date: 22/01/18 Session No: 1Session Title: Introduction to Science & TechnologyIn the first session, the lecturer did an introduction of Science & Technology and an overall view of the course outline. After the introduction, I got a perspective of what Science & Technology was. At first, I thought the course was going to be essentially, about science since it was mainly being mentioned, but I was wrong. The lecturer took her time to clearly distinguished between science and technology and its importance to society or the world in general. She ensured that we all understood what she was lecturing by engaging us to respond to her questions, it appeared that she really wanted us to understand what was being taught so she went over what she said twice, two different ways which I appreciated. It helped me a lot to understand and grasp the concepts effectively. The use of visual cues seemed to work well with the class as it captured our attention and made us receptive. Through research I've come to realise scientists all have different perceptions of the word science. â€Å"Science does not purvey absolute truth, science is a mechanism. It's a way of trying to improve your knowledge of nature, it's a system for testing your thoughts against the universe and seeing whether they match† Isaac Asimov 1988. Science is important because it can solve some of our problems such as global warming and world hunger. I believe that science is still evolving and there's trial and error with science which means we learn new information and we advance as humans but, it can all take years for such research or technology to be developed. â€Å"Technology can be thought of as the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes†. I've always considered technology and science to be separate now, through critical analysis I know that science and technology are closely associated with each other. Which means technology is a part of science, it has been in existence since the prehistoric human culture (stone age). In my opinion technology is everywhere although we might not realise it our note books are a form of technology whereby we use our knowledge to document for practical purposes like computers. Overall for my first time doing this course it was challenging but, I've come to appreciate science and technology more, subsequently I can't imagine having to sleep without a roof above my head or having to cook using sticks and rocks. Through this experience I've got a spark of curiosity that makes me more enthusiastic to know more about science and technology. Scientists have reached so far in the field of technology whereby people can afford to do scientific research and make scientific break throughs from their own houses. The society we all know and accustomed to would be non-existent if it wasn't for the advancement in technology. We're so dependent on science and technology without realising it. 23 MORE WORDS Session Date: 29/01/18 Session No: 2 Session Title: Scientific Methods & The Nature of ScienceFor the second session, the lecturer started class with a recap of science. â€Å"All of science is uncertain and subject to revision. The glory of science is to imagine more than we could prove† Freeman Dyson. To follow up with the course outline, she started the second topic. To my understanding science is like a puzzle, to see the full image you need to put the pieces together. This can be distinguished through the scientific process. â€Å"The scientific method is a series of steps followed by scientific investigators to answer specific questions about the natural world† Regina Bailey 2017. What surprised me the most about this process is the fifth step experimentation, which is the most important step in this process. This is so because it can cause major breakthroughs in the world of science or a reversal. Through science we can make technological advancements and end some of the world major problems. â€Å"Fields of engineering are closely related to applied science. Applied science is important for technology development† Wikipedia 2018. It is understood that through scientific knowledge scientists have been able to provide services for the wellbeing of humans. Through many experiments people have been saying technology is good because it helps people medically and physically, it connects us as human beings and gives us entertainment. On the plus side technology is causing us to become less social. With this experiment, it shows how technology is applicated through private and public knowledge orientation. â€Å"Scientific objectivity is a characteristic of scientific claims, methods and results. It expresses the idea that the claims, methods and results of science are not, or should not be influenced by particular perspective value commitments, community bias or personal interests, to name a few relevant factors. Objectivity is often considered as an ideal for scientific inquiry, as a good reason for valuing scientific knowledge, and as the basis of the authority of science in society† Stanford Encyclopedia of philosophy 2014. To my knowledge there are three methods that scientists use inductive approach, deductive approach and hypothetico -deductive approach. The inductive approach and deductive approach are opposite, where the inductive approach is based off fact then there's a conclusion whilst deductive approach is a valid type of reasoning. Induction starts with observation, then a pattern, tentative, hypothesis and finally a theory. â€Å"In induction inference, we go from the specific to the general. We make many observations, discern a pattern, make a generalisation, and infer an explanation or a theory† Wassertheil Smoller 2017. Deduction has four stages theory, hypothesis, observation and confirmation. â€Å"Deductive reasoning is a logical process in which a conclusion is based on the concordance of multiple premises that are generally assumed to be true† Tech Target. Lastly hypothetico- deductive method which is seen as the only true method. What I understand is that the only way to truly test this is through experimentation which you either accept or reject the hypothesis and finally have an example. This week's session journal was manageable enough for me. Session Date: 05/02/18 Session No: 3 Session Title: Scientific Methods, Theories and ModelsIn this week's session, the lecturer started with the scientific method, then followed with theories and lastly models. Science is empirical, which means that it is based on observation over theory or logic. In class, we briefly discussed the history of scientific methods. It is understood that Plato 429-347 BC did not believe in empiricism but reasoning. â€Å"All knowledge could be obtained through pure reasoning (inductive), no need to actually go out and measure anything,† Plato 427-347 BC. â€Å"Contributions have been more influential, particularly when it comes to science and logical reasoning (deductive)† Aristotle 384-322 BC. Aristotle believed in empiricism. Personally, I agree with both Plato and Aristotle, for me science can be based on observation and reasoning also through empiricism where there's a logical way to test such observations. A major point in this week's session was observation. Observation is knowledge or data we acquire through experimentation. An example of observation from what I understand is the writing up of labs (biology or chemistry) for labs you have to observe then write what you understand. Through my research in observation I came across this question which intrigued me â€Å"Is creative concentration contagious?† Lynda Barry 2011. This brings me into another key example in topic three. When a baby sees his mother drinking in a cup, he tries to do the same with his cup, he holds it up and tries to take a sip from his cup. The baby first observes, then experiments. There are two types of observations, qualitative observations which uses your senses to observe the results and quantitative observations are made with instruments such as ruler, cylinders and thermometers which are tangible. These results are measurable. They could be used together or separately to measure data. Quantitative observation only gives statistical analysis after all the data has been gathered. What I understand from scientific theory is that it's a repetition of a process of the natural to ensure the accuracy or legitimacy using a form of observation and experiment. An example of this would be no new evidence would show water is wet, or that you can see without your glasses. Experimentation is the process of performing a scientific procedure, especially in a laboratory, to determine something† Oxford dictionaries 2018. From the information, I gathered from the session so far is that observation and experimentation are relate and there are two types of observation. â€Å"A statement based on repeated experimental observations that describes some aspects of the universe is called a scientific law' Wikipedia 2017. A scientific law doesn't explain the why or what of this observed phenomenon. The explanation of this phenomenon is the scientific theory, this is why or how they are related. â€Å"In science, laws are a starting place† Peter Coppinger 2017. The description of such phenomenon is called a model. These models can be physical, conceptual or mathematical it is often used in scientific theories.

The concept of self

Changing ideas, beliefs and values impacts an individual's self-schemas and ay lead to a changing of consumer behavior or the removal of behavioral constraints (Blakeley, 1996). Self-concept can be described as multi-faceted (Arnold, et al, 2004), and includes a collection of images, activities, goals, feelings, roles, traits and values. These play a part in different aspects of an individual's perception Of self. The Me-self (Mead, 191 3) can be considered the socialized aspect of the individual and represents a constructed self- image from learned behaviors, attitudes, and expectations of others and society.The Me-self has been developed by the knowledge of society and social interactions and is considered a phase of self that is in the past (Mead, 1913). The I-self however, plays the role of the active observer, the knower, or the information processor (Arnold, et al, 2004). The ‘l' therefore, can be considered the present and future phase of self and represents an individua l's identity based on the response to the â€Å"iv aspect (Mead, 1913). For example, the ‘I' understands how society says an individual should behave and socially interact and they align with the perceived set standards, and that notion becomes self.The ‘Me' and ‘l' have a didactic relationship, almost like system of checks and balances. In essence, the Me-self prevents an individual for example, from breaking the rules or boundaries of societal expectations, while the I-self allows the individual to still express creativity and individualism (Mead, 1913). The I-self and me-self further interlink and enables an individual to understand when to possibly push boundaries that govern social interactions (Mead, 1913).Charles Cooley's (1988) concept of the looking glass self, states that an individual's self grows out of social interactions. The view that an individual has of themselves comes from the interpolation of personal qualities and impressions of the perception s of others (Isakson, 2013). Cooley's (1988) concept on the looking glass self describes that how we see ourselves does not come from who we really are, but rather from how we perceive how others see us.This can influence the monitoring self of consumer where a high self-monitor individual may be more highly concerned about how they are perceived by others and may change their behavior to be viewed in a more positive manner rather than a low self-monitor individual, who may have stronger self beliefs and may tend o behavior more consistently (Arnold, et al, 2004). The extended self, as theorized by Russell Bell (1 988), comprises of external objects, in which the emotional attachment to those objects become perceived as being a part of ourselves.Our possessions are a major contributor and reflection of our identities and this construct of the extended self involves consumer behavior rather than buyer behavior (Bell, 1988). Marketers are interested in the concept of the extended self as consumers regard possessions as a part of themselves and this would enable understanding of consumer behavior and consumption patterns. The most direct form of evidence by Bell (1988) supporting his theory on the extended self is found in the nature of self-perceptions.Firstly, Bell (1988) found that the extended self was not limited to external objects and personal possessions, but also included persons, places as well as body parts and vital organs. This thinking is used especially when marketing goods with connotations of patriotism in most of the world. For example, the slogan used by the famous soft drink company L&P ‘ rural famous in New Zealand†, appeals to and makes potential nonusers highly involved if they consider New Zealand part of their extended selves (Watson, 2001).Bell (1988) further argues that perceived characteristics of an object may not always correspond with the perceived characteristics Of self. To demonstrate, he proposed that an individual c an consider an object like the Statue of Liberty to be a part of themselves, but not actually holding a self-concept composed of characteristics attributed to the statue. Marketers are interested in the concept of self because it is much more than just brand or brand image. Non-brand images, such as example a cigarette smoker or a person with a Ferreira can contribute strongly to self.Post-acquisition object bonding, which may happen after buying a dog can be identified by marketers as a possible strong influence to the sense of self (Bell, 1988). Marketers are interested in the role possessions play in influencing and shaping an individual. For example, after buying a dog, advertisements about dog food, which have never appealed to the individual before, now do. Marketers can play a persuasive role in stimulating need recognition to the individual brought about by their purchases.Besides intro over objects, control by objects, as Bell (1988) theorized may also contribute to an item being viewed as a part of self. We may impose our identities on objects but possessions may also impose their identities on us (Furry, 1978). The longer we possess or get possessed by the object, the more a part of self it becomes (Furry, 1978). Marketers use this knowledge of the extended self in the form of samples, test drive with cars, 10 day free trials with products.Understanding self-concept helps marketers realism that time spent with the product or object is time that an individual may feel more notionally attached to it and have a harder time parting from it. The concept of extended self is of high interest to marketers as the digital age is a relatively new phenomenon. In the digital world, there are a number of differences with concept of the extended self, mainly due to the destruction by the advancement of technology (Bell, 2013). This means that the numerous objects that were marketed to individuals can now be accessed and complied into one platform.Furthermore, it c reates different ways that individual interact with and project themselves onto others (Bell, 2013). However, Bell (2013) proposes that an individual may have a different online persona as compared to offline. A marketer's interest lies in the understanding of an individual's online sense of self, for example, a consumer purchasing from an online website to accurately interpret the individual's online attitudes and beliefs. Self-concept consists of two dynamic processes, interpersonal and interpersonal.Within the facets of self, these two processes play an influential role. The interpersonal process is an individual's cognitive processing, affect and motivation (Archer, Gurney and Moan, 2013). The interpersonal process makes up the I-self and has socially-developed self- knowledge involving goals, strengths, limitations and moods. This process interacts with the external interpersonal self, which includes social perception, choice of situation, interaction strategy and reaction to f eedback (Arnold, et al, 2004) and vice-versa.Marketers are interested in understanding interpersonal and interpersonal processes as individuals' perceptions are generally different from One other. This is due to an interpersonal self shaped around each individuals own personal experiences. Individuals act based on what dynamic self process they are feeling at that time (Arnold, et alarm 2004). Therefore, marketers would better understand their target market by having apt knowledge of these two processes. Possessions are not only considered a part of self, but also are important in the development of self (Bell, 1988).This contributes to the self-narrative of an individual which comprise of coherent stories and personal experiences that provide a sense of continuity in time and space (Arnold, et al, 2004). Marketers are Interested in the self-narrative of individuals as they can arrest goods to support this, for example, photos albums. Photo albums provide an individual with the mean s to document highlights of their lives which can be viewed at any time they so desire. These possessions seem to contribute to the maintenance of the self-concept and narrative as such objects act as reminders or conformers of our identities (McCracken, 1987).With age, an individual's boundary of self develops as it goes through multiple role transitions (Rosenberg-Walton 1984, p. 352). Transitions are of interest to marketers as an individual's self-concept is changeable and is especially yeoman during certain transitions (Arnold, et al, 2004). A consumer's role transitions are marked by changes in consumption patterns (Arnold, et al, 2004). For example, buying a home, graduating from University, or having a baby can be key role transitions in an individual's life. Role transitions can also be linked with a consumer's levels of self-esteem.The positivist of a person's attitude towards him/herself plays an influential role in their behavior and consumption choice (Arnold, et al, 20 04). Low self-esteem can be related to concerns over the looking glass self which in turn influence impulsive purchasing (Arnold, et al, 2004). Marketers can play a key role in increasing the level of involvement and marketing goods which reflect the individual's' self traits to support the transitions. Marketers can use the concept of the changeable self to add or strengthen beliefs in an individual.This can influence an interpersonal process that consumers go through, self- gifting. Self-gifting frequently carries messages about an individual's self- distinctiveness, for example, brand slogans which have the phrase ‘Like no other' (Arnold, et al, 2004). Individuals increasingly seek pleasure in objects hat they buy for themselves as gifts (Kara, 2008). This may be attributed to a positive feeling of accomplishment (Kara, 2008) and consumers may appeal to brand slogans with the phrases ‘reward yourself or ‘you deserve it'.In conjunction with this, self-gifting can also occur as a response to a negative attitude brought about by, for example, feelings of stress. Grub and Growth (1967) state that goods are symbols which communicate a message between an individual and society or their significant others. Consumption communicates socially shared meanings about identity (Arnold, et al, 2004). If a product is to serve as a symbol as a communication device, it must be first gain societal recognition (Grub & Growth, 1967). This process is essentially a classification system which places these products to others in society.These classification systems are society's way of piecing and organizing their activities in a sensible manner (Grub & Growth, 1967). Fashion as an example, illustrates the link of symbolic classification and consumer behavior. When a particular style of fashion becomes popular, a segment of society may direct their behavior towards the archiving and consuming of items manifesting this style (Grub & Growth, 1967). Therefore, an act of classification not only directs self action, but also a set of expectations may be aroused towards the object classified (Grub & Growth, 1967).Marketers need to understand the essence of the object resides not in the object itself but in the direct relation between the object and the individuals classifying the object (Grub & Growth, 1967). Self-enhancement can be brought about by the purchase and consumption of goods in two ways. Firstly, an individuals' self-concept ill be maintained if they believe the good is societal accepted and classified in a manner that matches their self-concept. A product as a symbol contributes to one's looking glass self as the products' conveyed meaning creates symmetry matching the image an individual has of themselves.Secondly, an individual may receive either positive or negative reinforcement from significant others and this strengthens their self-concept with growth and change based on desired reactions from society (Sequester, Pettier, Spanis h, Raw Hill, 2014). Marketers are interested in this area of self as it splays image congruence where self-concept is enhanced through the transfer Of socially accepted meanings Of the product or brand (Arnold, et al, 2004). An individual's self schemas can be used by marketers to market goods which align with an individual's beliefs (Peter & Olson, 2010).This concept of self-enhancement directs consumer behavior to use goods to close the gap between actual and possible selves. These possible selves can be past, present or future. Consumer nostalgia as a past possible self is a powerful and rich tool that marketers can use to tap into an individuals' self. Nostalgia stems from a consumer's yearning for the past, often dissatisfied with the present state and coming future and to compensate, an individual may purchase vintage or retro looking goods to ‘bring them back to their perception of the golden ages (Shah, Lie, Teen & Lu, 2014).The similar concept may be applied to a futu re desired self in the form of anti-gambling advertisements. An individual may begin to increase their involvement towards their desired gambling-free self and may start to pay for counseling services to achieve this. In conclusion, the concept of self is multi-faceted and interrelates with one another, influencing behavior. The sense of self, socially created, is dynamic with consumers' motives playing a part in their consumption choices to develop or maintain their concept of self. Our possessions are a reflection of our identities and an expression of our beliefs.

Explaining Public Relations Degrees

Explaining Public Relations Degrees Students in a public relations degree program learn what it takes to create and manage a strategic communication campaign for different types of companies and government agencies. They study the different methods that can be used to garner positive media attention and learn what it takes to shape public perception. Many people confuse public relations with marketing or advertising, but they are different things. Public relations is considered earned media, whereas marketing or advertising is something that you need to pay for. Students in a public relations program focus on persuasive communication. They learn how to write press releases and letters and master the art of public speaking so that they can host press conferences and speak at public meetings.   Types of Public Relations Degrees There are three basic types of public relations degrees that can be earned from a college, university, or business school: Bachelor Degree in Public Relations: Takes approximately four years to complete.Masters Degree in Public Relations: Takes approximately two years to complete.Doctorate Degree in Public Relations:  Usually takes three to five years to complete, though program length can vary. An associate degree may be enough for individuals who are looking for entry-level employment in the public relations field. However, a bachelors degree is usually the minimum requirement for anyone who wants to work as a public relations specialist or public relations manager. A masters degree or MBA with a specialization in public relations could increase an individuals chances of getting more advanced positions. Public relations specialists who are interested in teaching at the college or university level should consider a doctorate degree in ​public relations. Where Can I Earn a Public Relations Degree? There are a number of campus-based programs that award public relations degrees at the undergraduate and graduate level. You can also find online programs that are similar in quality. If you are intent on attending a campus-based program but cannot find one in your area that focuses on public relations, you should look for a good advertising or marketing degree program. These programs will allow you to study many of the same things you would in a public relations degree program, including advertising campaigns, marketing strategies, promotions, public speaking, communication, and public affairs. Other degree program options for aspiring public relations professionals include degree programs in communication, journalism, English, or general business. What Can I Do With a Public Relations Degree? Many people who earn a public relations degree go on to work for advertising, marketing, or public relations firms. Some also choose to work as independent consultants or open their own public relations firms. Common job titles for public relations professionals include: Promotions Assistant: Sometimes known as an advertising assistant, a promotions assistant may work in the public relations, advertising, marketing, or sales department of a company. These entry-level public relations professionals typically focus on promotional campaigns and may handle clerical duties, telephone operations, client communication, and other office-related responsibilities.Public Relations Specialist: Also known as communication specialists or media specialists, public relations specialists work directly with the media. They may be responsible for helping clients communicate with the public. They may answer media questions or contact media outlets to market information or share news. Writing press releases is also a typical job duty. U.S. News recently ranked public relations specialist as one of the best jobs of the year.Public Relations Manager:  Public relations managers or directors are similar to public relations specialists. However, they often have more respons ibilities. In a large company, they may supervise one or more public relations specialists. Public relations managers may also be responsible for writing speeches, designing campaigns, or creating, maintaining, and managing a companys image. Learning More About Public Relations The  Public Relations Society of America  (PRSA) is the world’s largest organization of public relations professionals. Members include everyone from aspiring PR professionals and recent college graduates to seasoned communications professionals. The organization is a great resource for anyone who is considering a public relations degree. When you join the Public Relations Society of America, you get access to education, networking, certification, and career resources. Networking with other people in the organization will give you a chance to learn more about the field so that you can determine whether or not a public relations degree is right for you.

Choosing the Best School for Your Child

Choosing the Best School for Your Child Finding the best school for your child can seem like a chore. Lets be honest, with educational budgets being slashed regularly in the US, you worry about whether or not your child is getting the best education possible. Maybe youre thinking about alternative high school options, which can vary from homeschooling and online schools to charter schools and private schools. The options can be overwhelming, and parents often need some help.   So, exactly how do you go about deciding if your current school is meeting your childs needs? And if its not, how do you go about choosing the right alternative high  school option for your child? Check out these tips.   Does Your Childs School Meet His or Her Needs? When you evaluate your current  school, and when you look at potential alternative high school options, be sure to not just think about this current year, but also consider the years ahead. If your child is struggling now, can the school provide the necessary support to augment mainstream classes?Is the school challenging your child enough? Are there advanced classes offered?Does the school offer the academic and extracurricular programs that your child wants? Its important to make sure that  the school your child attends is the best fit for the long haul.  Your child will grow and develop in that school, and you want to be aware of how the school will change over time. Does the school change from a caring, nurturing lower school to a demanding, competitive middle and upper school? Gauge the temperature of all the divisions before selecting a school. Does Your Child Fit in at His or Her Current School? Switching schools can be a big choice, but if your child doesnt fit in, he wont be successful. Does your child enjoy going to school?Does your child have an active, healthy, and engaged social life?Is your child involved in multiple sports and activities? The same questions should be asked if youre looking at potential new schools. While you may be tempted to gain admission to the most  competitive school  possible, be sure that your child is a good fit for the school and that it won’t be too demanding- or too easy- down the road. Don’t try to shoehorn your child into a school that doesn’t nurture her interests and talents just to say hes enrolled at a name-brand institution. Its also important to make sure that the classes meet your childs needs.   Can You Afford to Switch Schools? If switching schools is becoming an obvious choice, its important to consider the time and financial investment. While homeschooling is usually very low cost, its a major time investment. Private school might require less time than homeschooling, but more money. What to do? Consider these questions as you do some research and make your decisions. How much time do you as the parent have to invest in your childs schooling?Is your home an appropriate place for learning?What costs are associated with your alternative school option?Does a potential  new school have a tuition fee?Are there vouchers you need to obtain?Will switching schools require additional commuting or special arrangements for childcare and transportation?How will switching schools affect your familys daily life?Will you need to apply for financial aid at a private school? These are important questions to consider as you explore the option of finding an alternative school. Decide Whats Best for Your Entire Family While everything might point to private school or homeschooling as the right fit for your child, you need to consider the various implications on the entire family and you. Even if youve found the perfect private school, if you cant afford it, then youre going to do your child and your family a disservice if you head down a path thats not realistic. You may want to provide a homeschooling or online school experience, but if you dont have the proper time to invest in ensuring this form of study is properly carried out, youre putting your child at a disadvantage. The right solution will be a win for everyone involved, so weigh your options carefully.   If you decide that private school, in particular, is the best route for the entire family and the child, then consider these tips for finding the best private school. With hundreds of them available in the United States, theres a school out there that will fit your needs. It can be overwhelming to get started, but these tips will help you make the most of the private school search. Consider Hiring an Educational Consultant Now, if youve decided that switching schools is crucial, and a private school, in particular, is your top choice, you might hire a consultant. Of course, you can research schools yourself, but for many parents, they are lost and overwhelmed by the process. Theres help, however, and it can come in the form of a professional educational consultant. You will appreciate the sage counsel and experience that this professional brings to the table. Be sure to use a qualified consultant, and the best way to make sure of that is to only use those endorsed by the Independent Educational Consultants Association, or IECA. However, this tactic comes with a fee, and for middle-class families, that fee might not be affordable. Not to worry ... you can do this yourself. Make a List of Schools This is the fun part of the process. Most private schools have websites with great photo galleries and video tours, with ample information available about their programs. So you and your child can surf the internet together and find plenty of schools to consider. It is a very efficient way of making that first cut. We recommend saving the schools to your favorites as you find them. It will make a serious discussion of each school easier later on. Private School Finder has thousands of schools with their own websites. It is really important that you and your child understand each others  needs when it comes to choosing a school. By all means, guide the process. But dont impose your ideas on your child. Otherwise, shes not going to buy into the idea of going to a private school or may be resistant to the school you think is right for her. Then, using the spreadsheet mentioned above, make a short list of 3 to 5 schools. Its important to be realistic about your choices, and while you want to aim high for your dream schools, its also important to apply to at least one safe school  where you know your chances of acceptance are high. Also, consider if a competitive school is right for your child; schools that are known for being really competitive arent right for everyone.   Visit Schools This is critical. You simply cannot rely on the opinions of others or a website to tell what a school is really like. So schedule a visit for your child whenever possible. It will give her a good feel for her prospective new home away from home. It can also give parents peace of mind, knowing where their child will be spending their time.   Make sure you personally visit and inspect each school on your list. The schools want to meet you and interview your child. But you need to meet the admissions staff and ask them questions too. It is very much a two-way street. Do not be intimidated by the interview. When you are  visiting the school, look at the work on the walls and get an idea of what the school values. Be sure to visit classes and try to speak with teachers and students. Does the school seem to be the kind of place in which your child will thrive?Do the teachers seem capable of bringing out her talents?Do they seem committed to helping children learn? ​Attend an admission event, like an open house, to hear from top administrators, like the head of school, as well as other parents.  The headmaster can set the tone for a private school. Try to attend one of his or her speeches or read his or her publications. This research will acquaint you with the values and mission of the current school. Don’t rely on old assumptions, as schools change a great deal with each administration. ​Many schools will allow your child to attend classes and even stay overnight if it’s a  boarding school. This is an invaluable experience that will help your child understand what life at the school is really like, and if they can envision living that life 24/7.   Admissions Testing   Believe it or not, admission tests can help you find the best school for your child. Comparing test scores may help you better judge which schools may be the best ones to apply to, as average test scores are typically shared by the schools. If your childs scores are considerably lower or even higher than the average scores, you might want to have a conversation with the school to make sure the academic workload is adequate for your child.   Its important to prepare for these tests, too. Your child may be extremely smart, even gifted. But if she has not taken a couple of practice admissions tests, she will not shine on the real test. Test preparation is important. It will give her that edge she needs. Dont skip this step.   Be Realistic While its tempting for many families to fill their lists with names of the top private schools in the country, thats not the point. You want to find the best school for your child. The most elite schools may not offer the type of learning environment that is best for your child, and the local private school might not challenge your child enough. Spend some time getting to know what the schools offer and what your child needs in order to succeed. Choosing the best private school for your child is crucial. Apply for Admission and Financial Aid Dont forget that choosing the right school is just the first step. You still need to get in. Submit all applications materials on time and pay attention to application deadlines. In fact, wherever possible, submit your materials  early. Many schools offer online portals where you can track the progress of your application and stay on top of missing pieces so you can easily meet your deadlines.   Dont forget to apply for financial aid. Almost every private school offers some kind of financial aid package. Be sure to ask if you feel that you will need assistance. Once you have submitted your applications, thats pretty much it. Now all you have to do is to wait. Acceptance letters are typically sent out in March for schools with January or February admissions deadlines. You need to respond by an April deadline. If your child is wait-listed, dont panic. You shouldnt have to wait too long to hear one way or the other, and there are tips for what to do if you are waitlisted.